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IPhone 13, IPad Mini And All The Details Of Apple's Big Announcements Last Week


iPhone 13, iPad Mini and all the details of Apple's big announcements last week


iPhone 13, iPad Mini and all the details of Apple's big announcements last week

Update, Sept. 21: CNET reviewed the iPhone 13, Mini, Pro and Pro Max. Original story follows.


Apple's iPhone 13 event has been put to bed, and in it we got the expected iPhone 13 announcement, as well as a refreshed 10.2-inch iPad, a big upgrade for the iPad Mini and a new Apple Watch Series 7. There were a few small announcements, too. We saw some upcoming show previews for Apple TV Plus, including the new season of The Morning Show and fresh titles like Foundation, and a comedy series, The Problem With Jon Stewart. (Stewart joked they may need to add a comma to that title.) 

We also got an announcement date for the release of the new mobile operating systems, iOS 15 and iPadOS 15: Sept. 20. Get ready to download and install them on your iPhone and iPad.

iPhone 13, Mini, Pro and Pro Max

Apple showed off a complete new line of iPhones. They all get updated to a new A15 Bionic chip, a six-core CPU with two high-performance cores, four high-efficiency cores and a quad-core GPU. 

iPhone 13 Pro cameras

The iPhone 13 Pro has wide-angle, ultrawide and telephoto cameras.

Apple/Screenshot by Stephen Shankland/CNET

All the back cameras have been significantly upgraded with wider apertures and new video features. The buzziest is Cinematic mode, which will allow phones to have professional-level "rack focus" where you can slide between focus subjects gracefully in a video. You can also choose where to focus by tapping on the screen, or even holding down to lock focus on a subject.

  • iPhone 13 brings a new design and stylish colors. Here's what to know
  • iPhone 13: Apple adds larger battery, more storage, cinematic video mode
  • iPhone 13 Pro cameras: Why this pro photographer is excited
  • iPhone 13 cameras stand out with macro photography, cinematic video
  • iPhone 13 price and preorder: How and when to buy Apple's new phones
  • iPhone 13 Pro and Pro Max: 120Hz display, 3 new cameras and all the goodies
  • iPhone 13's starting storage is finally one we can recommend
  • iPhone 13 release date: All models will be available on Sept. 24
  • Apple's iPhone 13 Mini promises to be small but mighty
  • iPhone 13 Pro finally gets 1TB of storage for $1,499, 1TB Pro Max for $1,599
  • Here's which iPhones are getting lower prices, and which Apple will stop selling
  • iPhone 13 battery life: Your phone charge will last hours longer, Apple says
  • Apple touts iPhone 13's privacy features, but doesn't address spyware worries
  • iPhone 13 Pro gets Super Retina XDR display with ProMotion
  • iPhone gets 3x optical zoom for the first time
  • iPhone 13 will support 5G in 60 countries, work on over 200 carriers this year
  • Apple's iPad Mini sees a big upgrade: Support for USB-C charging
  • Apple's A15 Bionic chip powers iPhone 13 with 15 billion transistors

The iPhone 13 Pro camera now has a macro lens, able to shoot a subject from less than an inch away. Apple says it's also made improvements to the software that recognizes people's skin tones, and you can now apply tone and warmth filters that the camera will remember.

Apple says that despite the faster chip, 5G, better cameras and other features, the iPhone 13 has longer battery life than its predecessor. One way it does this is by shifting to LTE "when 5G speeds aren't needed."

Apple Event new iPhone 13 cameras

The iPhone 13 Pro's camera lenses exploded.

Apple/Screenshot by James Martin/CNET

Apple is also getting its device to rely on the internet less. Many Siri requests for example will stay on the device, a first in the 10 years since the voice assistant was first introduced.

The iPhone 13 Pro has a bigger battery, a new Super Retina XDR display with 1,000 nits of peak outdoor brightness, 25% higher than last year. And it can change frame rate on the fly, increasing frame rate to 120Hz when you need to match games and some video, but ramping it down to 10Hz when you don't. 

Prices remain the same as the last generation. The iPhone 13 starts at $799 (£779, AU$1,349). The iPhone 13 Mini starts with double the capacity, 128GB, at $699 (£679, AU$1,199). You can also get a 512GB version now, which used to only be available on the Pro models. The iPhone 13 Pro will keep its $999 (£949, AU$1,699) starting price and the iPhone 13 Pro Max will start at $1,099 (£1,049, AU$1,849). Preorders open this Friday, Sept. 17, and the phone will appear in stores on Sept. 24.

apple-event-seq-00-01-01-20-still001.png
Apple/Screenshot by Chris Pavey/CNET

Apple Watch Series 7

The new watch has a larger display, with 20% more screen area than the Series 6 and 50% more than Series 3. But the dimensions of the watch have barely changed, Apple says. And it has "softer, more rounded corners" with a "wraparound" feel on the sides.

Apple says it redesigned buttons in the software to make them easier to tap as well, and it can fit 50% more text on screen than last year's watch.

The newest Apple Watches now have a "crack-resistant front crystal," with a "more robust geometry" and IP6X certification for additional dust resistance over the earlier model.

It has a bunch of new colors, bands and even a new charger that's faster. Like the iPad, Apple says it's 100% recycled aluminum.

The Apple Watch Series 7 will be $399, with international prices yet to be announced. It's not coming until later this fall, though. Apple will also keep selling the Apple Watch Series 3 for $199 and last year's Apple Watch SE for $279. 

Since launching last year, Apple's focused its $10 per month Fitness Plus service on getting you to sweat. But this year, it's adding a meditation option, which will include all sorts of different calmness, kindness and gratitude meditations. Just like Apple's other classes, it'll be updated weekly on your phone and watch.

Apple's always had hidden features to compete with friends in its motion and activity app, and now the company's adding group workouts too. In this case, you can start a workout with (or against) your friends from an iMessage chat conversation. Apple says up to 32 people can participate and you'll even know when friends are ahead of you in a bike class, for example.

Apple Event new iPad

The new iPad Mini.

Apple/Screenshot by James Martin/CNET

iPad and iPad Mini

The new 10.2-inch iPad incorporates the A13 Bionic chip, Apple says, which is 20% faster than the A12 "in every aspect of the chip from the CPU and GPU to the neural engine." (The iPhone 13 has the new A15 Bionic chip.) It has a larger display, with 20% more screen area than the Series 6 and 50% more than Series 3. The dimensions of the watch have barely changed, Apple says. And it has "softer, more rounded corners" with a "wraparound" feel on the sides. 

But the Mini is the bigger upgrade. 

It ditches the home button, and has thinner screen bezels to fit the larger 8.3-inch True Tone screen, which has an antireflective coating and a brightness of 500 nits. It also comes in an array of colors, including purple, pink, "starlight" (a light gray) and space gray.

It also has Touch ID built into the power button, just like last year's iPad Air.

Apple says that the iPad Mini upgrade means that all the company's iPads are now made from 100% recycled aluminum, as well as 100% recycled tin (for the solder). Apple says it uses 100% recycled rare earth elements in the enclosure magnets (though not everywhere).

Apple's iPads have always been portrait-oriented devices. The front-facing camera's always been at the top of the device when held vertically, and its speakers have always been at the bottom. With the iPad Mini, Apple's moved the selfie camera to the top of the landscape orientation, and added stereo speakers meant to be heard in landscape as well. 

Apple Event iPad mini

The new iPad Mini's colors.

Apple/Screenshot by James Martin/CNET

Last year, Apple introduced faster 5G wireless to the iPhone. This year, it's adding the technology to all its iPads, starting with the iPad Pro in April. Now, the iPad Mini gets 5G, which Apple said can pull down 3.5 gigabits of data per second. It also gets a USB-C port like its iPad Pro big brothers.

The iPad starts at $329 (£319, AU$499) and the iPad Mini starts at $499 (£479, AU$749).

Our liveblog archive follows.


And that's it

11:31 a.m. PT

Apple closes with another tour through California landmarks. Like in its previous videos, it includes production health and safety info, including daily health screenings, face coverings "worn by everyone."


So when can you get it?

11:18 a.m. PT

The iPhone 13 Pro will keep its $999 starting price, and the iPhone 13 Pro Max will start at $1,099.

Preorders start Sept. 17 and ship Sept. 24.


 iPhone 13 Pro as a video camera

11:12 a.m. PT

Apple pushed hard on the idea of using the iPhone 13 Pro as a professional-level video camera. It hired Oscar-winning film director Kathryn Bigelow to try it out, showing how well it handles low-light imagery. 


iPhone 13 Pro camera upgrades

11:09 a.m. PT

Apple's updates for its wide and ultrawide allow for better low light performance, Apple says, and can also do macro photography -- shooting a subject as close as 2 centimeters away. 

Apple says it's also made improvements to the software that recognizes people's skin tones, and you can now apply tone and warmth filters that the camera will remember.


iPhone 13 Pro and Pro Max

11:05 a.m. PT

Apple says it's the "most pro design," which is probably the most Apple thing I've heard the company say in a while. 

It comes in four colors: silver, graphite, gold and "sierra blue."

screen-shot-2021-09-14-at-2-00-12-pm-2.png
Apple

The iPhone 13 Pro has a bigger battery, Apple added. And it includes a better GPU than the iPhone 13.

Apple said it's announcing a new "Super Retina XDR display" which has 1000 nits of peak outdoor brightness, 25% higher than last year. And it can change frame rate on the fly, increasing frame rate to 120Hz when you need, but ramping it down when you don't. In its demo, Apple showed it going down to 10Hz.

Better battery life

10:58 a.m. PT

Apple says that despite the faster chip, 5G, better cameras and other features, the iPhone 13 has longer battery life than its predecessor. One way it does this is by shifting to LTE "when 5G speeds aren't needed," Apple said. And the company's A15 Bionic chip is more efficient, Apple said.

Apple is also getting its device to rely on the internet less. Many Siri requests for example will stay on the device, a first in the 10 years since the voice assistant was first introduced.

Apple said it's keeping prices the same this year. iPhone 13 Mini starts at $699, with double the starting capacity to 128GB. (You can also get a 512GB version now, which used to only be available on the Pro models.)


A new automatic focus

10:52 a.m. PT

Apple said Cinematic Mode follows where the subject of a video looks, changing focus when they look away, and again when they look back.

screen-shot-2021-09-14-at-1-51-52-pm-2.png
Apple

Apple said you can also choose where to focus by tapping on the screen, or even holding down to lock focus on a subject. It's all shot in Dolby Vision HDR, Apple says, which is fancy talk for high end video formats.


Camera upgrades and Cinematic Mode

10:50 a.m. PT

Apple says its back cameras have gotten serious upgrades with the iPhone 13. The 12 megapixel camera can take in 47% more light, Apple says, with an F1.6 aperture. 

The ultrawide camera has an F 2.4 aperture.

When it comes to video, Apple says it's adding "cinematic mode," which will allow phones to have professional-level "rack focus" where you can slide between focus subjects gracefully in a video. Apple of course created a demo "movie" to show it off. 


iPhones get new A15 Bionic chip

10:45 a.m. PT

"Frankly, the competition is still playing catchup to our chips," Apple says. This year, the iPhone 13 gets A15 Bionic. 

It has a 6-core CPU, with 2 high-performance cores and 4 high-efficiency cores. Apple says it's up to 50% faster than the leading competition. It also has a 4-core GPU, Apple says. It has 30% faster graphics than the competition.


iPhone 13 is here

10:40 a.m. PT

The new device has two rear lenses, arranged diagonally. It also comes in pink now, along with blue, "midnight," "starlight," and product red.

screen-shot-2021-09-14-at-1-42-48-pm-2.png
Apple

The antennas are made with recycled plastic water bottles, Apple says. And they have a sensor notch that's 20% smaller.


Apple Fitness Plus gets into group workouts

10:36 a.m. PT

Apple's always had hidden features to compete with friends in its motion and activity app, and now Apple's adding group workouts too. In this case, you can start a workout with (or against) your friends from an iMessage chat conversation. 

Apple says up to 32 people can participate and you'll even know when friends are ahead of you in a bike class, for example.


Apple Fitness Plus adds meditation

10:35 a.m. PT

Since launching last year, Apple's focused its $10 per month Fitness Plus service on getting you to sweat. But this year, it's adding a meditation option, which will include all sorts of different calmness, kindness and gratitude meditations. Just like Apple's other classes, it'll be updated weekly on your phone and watch.


Apple Watch gets more durable

10:30 a.m. PT

Apple said its newest Apple Watches now have a "crack resistant front crystal," with a "more robust geometry."

It also has IP6X certification, which means it's duster resistant.

Of course, it has a bunch of new colors, bands and even a new charger that's faster.

Like the iPad, Apple says it's 100% recycled aluminum.

The Apple Watch Series 7 will be $399. Apple will also keep selling the Apple Watch Series 3 for $199, last year's Apple Watch SE for $279.

It's not coming until later this fall, though.

  1. Apple Watch Series 7: a whole new design
  2. Apple Watch 7 launches a full keyboard

Apple Watch Series 7 is real

10:27 a.m. PT

It has a larger display, with 20% more screen area than the Series 6 and 50% more than Series 3.

The dimensions of the watch have barely changed, Apple says. And it has "softer, more rounded corners" with a "wraparound" feel on the sides.

screen-shot-2021-09-14-at-1-24-47-pm-2.png
Apple

Apple says it redesigned buttons in the software to make them easier to tap as well, and it can fit 50% more text on screen than last year's watch.


100% Recycled Aluminum

10:23 a.m. PT

Apple said the iPad Mini upgrade means that all the company's iPads are now made from 100% recycled aluminum, as well as 100% recycled tin (for the solder). Apple says it uses 100% recycled rare earth elements in the enclosure magnets (not everywhere). 


Apple finds landscape

10:19 a.m. PT

Apple's iPads have always been portrait-oriented devices. The front-facing camera's always been at the top of the portrait-oriented device. And its speakers have always been at the bottom. 

With the iPad Mini, Apple's moved the selfie camera to the top of the landscape orientation, and adding stereo speakers meant to be heard in landscape as well. 

It'll start at $499, more expensive than the $399 starting price for the previous generation


iPad Mini gets USB-C, 5G

10:18 a.m. PT

Last year, Apple introduced 5G superfast wireless to the iPhone. This year, it's adding the technology to its iPads. First, with the iPad Mini, which Apple said can pull down 3.5 gigabits per second. It also gets USB like its iPad Pro big brothers.


iPad Mini gets a big upgrade

10:14 a.m. PT

Tim Cook announced the new iPad Mini, which ditches the home button, and has thinner borders. It also comes in an array of colors: purple, pink, "starlight" and space gray.

Apple says it's 8.3 inches, and offers true tone, anti reflective coating, and 500 nits of brightness.

It also has Touch ID built into the power button, just like last year's iPad Air.

The new iPad Mini has a 40% jump in CPU performance, and 80% "leap" in GPU, Apple says.

Apple iPad gets refreshed for 2021 with an A13 chip, 12-megapixel camera, True Tone display


iPad updates

10:09 a.m. PT

Cook starts by talking about how strong the iPad business has been growing, up 40% in the past year. 

"Today, it gets even better," he says.

The new iPad will include the A13 bionic chip, Apple says, which is 20% faster "in every aspect of the chip from the CPU and GPU to the neural engine."

Apple's Melody Kuna, a senior manager of iPad product design, says it's up to 3x faster than the best selling Chromebook and up to 6x faster than the best selling Android tablet. 

It'll also include a better rear and front camera, she said.


Apple TV Plus

10:07 a.m. PT

Apple started by discussing his company's $5 per month video service, Apple TV Plus, showing off a bunch of previews for hit shows like Ted Lasso and The Morning Show, as well as upcoming titles like Foundation, and a comedy series, The Problem With Jon Stewart. (Stewart joked they may need to add a comma to that title.)


screen-shot-2021-09-14-at-1-03-36-pm-2.png
Apple

Love, California

10:04 a.m. PT

Tim Cook starts Apple's event with a video montage of all the things he says Apple loves about California. All its landmarks, singing people, it's definitely a fun place to start.

"California has always been a place for people with big ambitions and big dreams, a place where people are fueled with optimism to make things better, to make things that can change the world. It is such an important part of who we are at Apple, and inspires us in everything we create and do. We're proud to call California our home."


No more pop and rock

9:57 a.m. PT

Apple used to have a playlist prepared for its events with hit songs from hit groups like Coldplay all the way to little-known musicians who'd suddenly find fame in background of Apple ads and events. But ever since Apple started streaming its events amid the pandemic, it's switched to more artsy -- what I'll call corporate classical and pop music. 

For what it's worth, I checked on Apple-owned Shazam to see if maybe this was an artist I'd never heard of. Nope -- Shazam hasn't heard it either. At least it's kinda catchy.


Our show has started

9:50 a.m. PT

Apple's event is nearly ready to begin, and CNET's live pre-show is running now at the top of this page. You can watch live as we discuss all the rumors and expected products. Also, get some insight into the minds of our great reviewers.


Spyware scare

9:17 a.m. PT

While we're all waiting to see what Apple releases, make sure you take this moment to update your iPhones, iPads and other Apple devices. Like, now. Go. I'll wait.

Apple put out a surprise update Monday that closes a security hole in a reported "zero-click" hack. This attack, which is tied to the Pegasus spyware reportedly used to spy on dissidents, world leaders and journalists, can be delivered through a text message. Supposedly, you can't do anything to stop when it arrives -- the hack goes into effect as soon as your phone receives the message. Apple's update closes that hole.

By the way, you can find out if you've been hacked using a free tool available online.


Will there be enough?

9:03 a.m. PT

It used to be that when new iPhones came out, people lined up around the block outside Apple Stores to be among the first to get their hands on the device. It would then typically be promptly sold out and nearly impossible to find for days or even weeks. Apple's gotten better at managing demand, and so many people buy online now that the dramatic iPhone lines are largely a thing of the past. But what of supply?

In the pandemic, we've learned that our international supply chains are rather fragile, and our reliance on overseas manufacturing has led to shortages of all sorts of products, from cars to video game consoles to garlic. So far, indications are Apple's been able to avoid these issues, in part thanks to its aggressive long-term planning. That doesn't mean you'll have easy access to an iPhone at launch, but it shouldn't be as hard to find as, say, a PlayStation 5.

There are rumors the Apple Watch on the other hand may have limited supplies at launch. But that's because of a non-pandemic problem. According to rumors, Apple struggled to get production going smooth in order to produce at high volume


Unusual location

8:31 a.m. PT

Pretty much every virtual event Apple's held so far has been set on its multibillion dollar "spaceship" headquarters in Cupertino, California. But this time Apple CEO Tim Cook tweeted out a picture of a different location the company will be holding at least part of its event from: The desert.

It's a good bet this may be a reference to the rumored satellite emergency call capabilities being built into the next iPhones. We'll have to see.

§

Apple's new iPhone 13 line debuted Tuesday at Apple's September event, showing a tweaked design with a variety of new features for those upgrading from earlier iPhone models. The lineup consists of four new phones: the iPhone 13, the 13 Mini, the 13 Pro and the 13 Pro Max. The new phones will run iOS 15, come with a larger battery, more storage, a new A15 Bionic processor, a smaller notch and an abundance of new camera features. The base model of the iPhone 13 and 13 Mini are available in five colors: pink, blue, midnight (black), starligh t (white) and Product Red. The iPhone 13 Pro and 13 Pro Max will also get a giant camera upgrade as well as a new display with 120Hz high refresh-rate display.

Read on for our first take on Apple's iPhone 13 lineup and the answers to all of your questions about the phone's specs, features, design, price and how to get your hands on one yourself. Plus, here's everything we know about iOS 15, and here's what we know about a potential October Apple event.

How much will the iPhone 13 cost, and how much storage does it have?

The iPhone 13 price depends on which of the four variants you buy, how much storage you choose and whether you're purchasing through a carrier or unlocked. Here's everything to know about the iPhone 13 price structure and preorder details. 

Without a carrier discount, the iPhone 13 starts at $829 (£779, AU$1,349) for 128GB, which is twice the storage of the base iPhone 12 model. The iPhone 13 Mini starts at $729 (£679, AU$1,199) for the same 128GB of storage. Like the iPhone 12, if you buy an iPhone 13 or 13 Mini tied to a US carrier, you'll receive a $30 discount. 

The iPhone 13 Pro starts at $999 (£949, AU$1,699) and the 13 Pro Max at $1,099 (£1,049, AU$1,849) for 128GB of storage. For the first time, you have the option to get 1TB of storage on an iPhone. The extra storage is only available on the Pro models and pushes the iPhone 13 Pro Max's price to $1,599. Below is a breakdown of prices (without a carrier discount) and storage options.

iPhone 13 series US prices and storage

Model 128GB of storage 256GB of storage 512GB of storage 1TB of storage
iPhone 13 Mini $729 $829 $1,029 N/A
iPhone 13 $829 $929 $1,129 N/A
iPhone 13 Pro $999 $1,099 $1,299 $1,499
iPhone 13 Pro Max $1,099 $1,199 $1,399 $1,599
Apple Event iPhone cameras
Apple/Screenshot by James Martin/CNET

What is the iPhone 13's screen size?

The four iPhone 13 models have the same size screens as the iPhone 12 series. The iPhone 13 Mini has a 5.4-inch display, the iPhone 13 and 13 Pro have a 6.1-inch screen, while the iPhone 13 Pro Max has a 6.7-inch display. All the new phones have brighter screens.

Does the iPhone 13 Pro have a 120Hz refresh rate?

Both Pro models now get a higher 120Hz refresh rate, which makes animations and scrolling look smoother and gaming more immersive. Android phones, whether they are expensive or not, commonly feature a high refresh rate screen. Up to now, the only Apple device to offer such a refresh rate was the iPad Pro, which uses an LCD screen instead of the OLED found on the iPhone 13 Pro and 13 Pro Max. Here's some more information on the iPhone 13's 120Hz refresh rate, ProMotion and why it may not work exactly the way you think.

How long does the iPhone 13 battery last?

Probably the most welcomed feature announced for the iPhone 13 is a bigger battery. Apple didn't share the size, but claims that the new battery along with iOS 15, the A15 chip and updated display adds 2.5 hours of battery life to the iPhone 13 (compared to the iPhone 12). 

The iPhone 13 Mini should get an 1.5 hours more than the iPhone 12 Mini. That's a significant increase: The battery life on the iPhone 12 Mini was a compromise some people weren't willing to make. So it's exciting to see the new Mini get such a big bump in just a year.

Apple says that the Pro models should see a similar increase in battery life with the iPhone 13 Pro getting 2.5 hours more and the 13 Pro Max getting an additional 1.5 hours.

How many cameras does the iPhone 13 have?

The iPhone 13 and 13 Mini get an updated camera system, which is apparent from the new diagonal orientation of the two rear cameras. In fact, Apple says the new orientation is a result of making more room for a new sensor-based stabilization system -- which previously was only on the iPhone 12 Pro Max. (The cameras on the iPhone 12 were stacked vertically.) 

All four models get an improved 12-megapixel main camera and a better ultrawide lens and sensor. The new hardware, along with the new A15 Bionic chip, means a handful of improvements and new features, including being able to capture 47% more light.

The iPhone 13 Pro also has a new triple-camera system with better lenses and sensors. The telephoto lens comes with 3x optical zoom, which is 1.5x longer than the camera on the iPhone 12 Pro and 1.2x longer than the tele lens on the 12 Pro Max. Take a look below at the different telephoto lenses the Pro models of the iPhone 13 and 12.

To put things in perspective, this is an enormous improvement for the iPhone, but it still pales in comparison to the telephoto cameras on the Galaxy S21 Ultra and phones from Huawei.

iPhone 13 Pro telephoto lens specs vs. 13 Pro, 12 Pro, 12 Pro Max

Model Optical zoom 35mm lens equivalent
iPhone 13 Pro Max 3x 77mm
iPhone 13 Pro 3x 77mm
iPhone 12 Pro Max 2.5x 65mm
iPhone 12 Pro 2x 52mm

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Fitbit And Apple Know Their Smartwatches Aren't Medical Devices. But Do You?


Fitbit and Apple know their smartwatches aren't medical devices. But do you?


Fitbit and Apple know their smartwatches aren't medical devices. But do you?

Bill, a 31-year-old engineer based in Ohio, has experienced health anxiety in some capacity for most of his life. That's why he bought a Fitbit Sense in late 2020. He thought it would reassure him that he was healthy if he was able to take an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) reading when he felt something abnormal, such as heartburn or an accelerated heartbeat. 

Yet Bill only grew more anxious after receiving inconclusive ECG results on the Fitbit Sense. An inconclusive result doesn't indicate a health issue; it just means the device couldn't get a reliable reading. This can happen if there's too much movement during the scan or if the wearer's heart rate is too high or low, as Fitbit explains on its website. 

But Bill didn't realize this when he was taking up to 20 ECGs per day because of his anxiety around springtime last year. (Bill asked that his last name be omitted from the story so that he could freely discuss details about his health. CNET has verified his identity.) 

"If it was inconclusive, I'd be like 'OK, I need it to say normal,'" he said. "And I would keep checking it to see if it was normal or not, just to reassure myself that I was fine."  

The Fitbit Sense and similar wearables such as the Apple Watch aren't intended for medical diagnosis, a distinction that gadget makers are very clear about. Yet smartwatches and fitness bands can now track metrics, such as blood oxygen saturation and body fat estimates, that may have previously required a visit to the doctor or a specialized device. Today's wearables are much more than just activity trackers, but they're also not a replacement for medical care, nor are they trying to be. So then what exactly are they? 

Based on conversations with medical experts, analysts and executives at the companies behind some of these products, that answer is starting to come together. If you consider the early days of step counting and basic activity logging as the infancy of consumer health tracking, the industry has entered its awkward teen phase. The data is much more advanced as these devices have matured. But companies are still figuring out the best ways to make sense of that data without overstepping the boundaries of what a non-medical device should do.  

"There is a distinction between measurements for wellness, which provide general guidance and would encourage you to exercise in a way that's helpful for you and to eat more healthy foods, and a medical device," Dr. Paul Friedman, a cardiologist in the Mayo Clinic's AI in Cardiology Work Group. "And I think the blurring of those is causing some confusion."  

The blurring line between medical and wellness 

The Apple Watch Series 6 (pictured) and Series 7 can measure blood oxygen levels.

Screenshot by Sarah Mitroff/CNET

If the line is already blurring, there's a chance it may become further obscured in the future as tech companies develop new ways to help us live healthier lives. Apple is working on tech that could enable future Apple Watch models to take readings for blood sugar, body temperature and blood pressure, according to reports from Bloomberg and The Wall Street Journal. Fitbit is studying how its devices can potentially track pulse arrival time, or how long it takes for a pulse of blood to reach the wrist after a heartbeat, and its possible link to blood pressure monitoring. 

Wearable devices have become indispensable tools for aiding in medical research and encouraging people to develop healthier habits. In some cases, data from the Apple Watch has even saved lives. But while companies are clear about how not to use their products, some experts believe device makers could be clearer about how these gadgets should be used.

"I do get nervous, honestly, when I see more data types that are more truly clinical being used in a consumer way," said Dr. Devin Mann, associate professor of population health and medicine at New York University Langone Health. "Because the conditions tied to those data types are a little scarier, and people get scared easier."

Bill's anxiety about the Fitbit Sense's inconclusive ECG readings is personal and doesn't reflect the experience of most smartwatch owners. The medical experts CNET spoke with also believe wearables do more good than harm when it comes to health management. But Bill also isn't alone in feeling stress or anxiety about health readings from smartwatches and other digital wellness tools. 

One of Bill's inconclusive ECG results from the Fitbit Sense.

Courtesy of Bill

A 2020 study called the Digital Health Generation, a collaborative effort between professors at the University of Salford Manchester, the University of Bath, University of New South Wales Sydney and the University of Canberra, found that health tracking devices and apps can cause anxiety in young people. Some respondents in the study, which surveyed 1,064 kids and teens between the ages of 11 and 18 and some of their parents in southwest England, reported that they worried about failing to meet fitness targets or experienced difficulties setting diet and exercise boundaries. 

Dr. Lindsey Rosman, assistant professor of medicine at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine's cardiology division, has been studying the relationship between smartwatch readings and health-related anxiety. A paper she co-authored that was published in the Cardiovascular Digital Health Journal in August 2020 mentions a 70-year-old woman who believed smartwatch notifications were a sign of "worsening cardiac function," according to the report. She took 916 ECGs over the course of a year.

"As a researcher, I think it's a fantastic tool," said Rosman. "As a clinician in a cardiology clinic in particular, I think it opens the door to a lot of questions and concerns from patients that are currently being unaddressed."

A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association in September 2020 also suggested that smartwatch readings could be prompting people to seek medical care when they might not need it. Only 11.4% of 264 patients in the study who received an abnormal pulse alert from their Apple Watch received a "clinically actionable cardiovascular diagnosis of interest." 

Anecdotally, some tech product reviewers have also expressedconfusion over health readings from wearable devices, especially when it comes to newer metrics such as blood oxygen levels or body fat estimates. Unlike the ECG apps on both the Apple Watch and the Fitbit Sense, other new measurements like blood oxygen readings haven't received US Food and Drug Administration clearance on those devices, making it less evident what these readings should be used for.

"The role of many of those sensors remains to be determined," said the Mayo Clinic's Friedman. "And that's why it's so blurry, because you've got some FDA-approved components, which are pretty robust and quite useful. And then others which are not FDA-approved on the same device, and you have to take some of the information with a grain of salt."

As smartwatches and fitness trackers have grown more sophisticated, so has their place in our lives. One way that Jonah Becker, Fitbit's design director, describes that evolving role is as a partner to your health care provider. If people only visit their primary care doctor once or twice annually, devices like those made by Fitbit can help monitor bodily changes that occur throughout the rest of the year.

"There's no intent to take over the medical profession and replace it in any way," said Becker. "The idea in my mind is to sort of extend this partnership."

That's similar to Oura's outlook on what it means to walk the line between medical device and activity tracker. Oura makes a wellness ring of the same name that can track metrics like sleep, activity and respiratory rate. If the first wave of wearable devices was all about the quantified self, the current wave is about the road to making more sense of all those data points and using them to inform lifestyle choices, says Chris Becherer, Oura's chief product officer.

"What Oura is all about is helping you sort of contextualize what those decisions meant for you, rather than just saying 'your temperature was this' or your steps," Becherer said. 

The challenge of making health data understandable

The Fitbit Charge 5 pictured alongside the Fitbit app.

Lexy Savvides/CNET

Still, experts agree that more could be done to help us understand what these metrics mean. What's less clear is how the companies behind these products should go about doing that, especially since smartwatch makers already provide a lot of context about health metrics. 

Take an ECG on the Apple Watch, for example, and Apple will define the readings you might see and explain the device's limitations. The Apple Health app also has informative articles about what blood oxygen levels mean and the types of factors that could influence them. Fitbit's app has links to FAQ pages that define health metrics like heart rate variability and skin temperature and explain how Fitbit calculates them. Both companies also warn that users shouldn't make health decisions like changing their medication based on data from their smartwatches. But even those explanations may not have enough context to help the average person make sense of their own readings.

So what else can tech companies do besides being transparent about their metrics? One possible solution could be clinically supervised chatbots that can answer some questions when a wearer's doctor might not be available, says Mann. Mount Sinai's Dr. Zahi Fayad told CNET he would like to see more tools for easily sharing data from these devices with doctors, an option that companies like Apple, Fitbit, Oura and Whoop already offer to some degree today. 

Oura's readiness score provides a snapshot of your daily wellness. The new ring uses its temperature sensors to predict periods in addition to wellness. 

Oura

Julie Ask, a vice president and principal analyst at Forrester who has studied digital wellness at length, wants metrics that provide concrete advice. "Telling me that I sleep better when I go to bed at the same time every night? Not an insight," Ask said. "What we need is insight." She hopes to see these health apps take other factors into account, such as your first scheduled meeting for the next morning and your current exercise habits, to craft more personalized tips.

The question of what companies should be doing differently to make health data more clear and useful may not have a defined answer yet. But understanding how manufacturers are approaching this challenge today could be a good place to start.

Oura designs the language that accompanies its health metrics with two principles in mind: truth and positivity, according to Becherer. He says the data should be portrayed in a way that's upfront and  "cautionary but not too alerting." Amazon similarly tries to be "humble" in its Halo health app, says Melissa Cha, the vice president of Amazon's Halo division. 

"We try to have a very empathetic and humble approach to not thinking that we know the context for it, but surfacing those insights," said Cha. 

It's a fine line to tread, which is why Oura has thousands of different variations of what it calls "daily insight messages" that are displayed in Oura's app alongside metrics like the readiness score, according to Becherer. When Oura releases new metrics and features, like period prediction, those data points get factored into those messages as well. 

"There's just almost an infinite array of possibilities of what could be going on with your body," Becherer said. "And based on all of those signals, we'll target the right message to you." 

It also helps to know why companies are exploring new metrics in the first place if it's not possible to have all of the data needed to contextualize the results. For example, a fitness tracker wouldn't know if a wearer is up all night having fun with friends or studying for an exam, both of which can have different impacts on one's overall well-being. It seems to be a chicken-and-the-egg type of dilemma. It's difficult to build new features that make sense of health information without having a lot of data in the first place. 

For instance, consider how Fitbit approaches newer tools like its EDA app, which measures the skin's electrodermal activity to indicate how a person's body may be reacting to stress. It's not just the immediate result that matters. It's also about how EDA readings could factor into deeper insights down the road, according to Eric Friedman, Fitbit's co-founder and vice president of research for Fitbit at Google.

The Fitbit Sense's EDA app measures how your body might be reacting to stress. 

Lexy Savvides/CNET

He points to Fitbit's Sleep Stages, the feature that tells you how much time you've spent in deep, light and REM sleep, as an example. That capability exists on Fitbit devices because of other previously developed technologies, such as the ability to measure motion and heart-rate variability.

"Imagine taking that and EDA, and you kind of start building things together to start layering these health metrics on top of each other, going to the next thing," Friedman said.

Amazon sees its body fat scanning tool in a similar way. It plans to add more insights to the Halo app based on its Body feature, which provides fat percentage estimates by taking scans with your phone's camera and processing them through machine learning, says Cha. Part of the reason why it hasn't done more with this data yet is because Amazon was primarily focused on accuracy when developing the technology, according to Cha. The tool has been clinically validated and is as precise as methods a doctor would use, says Amazon, although it's not FDA-cleared.

Amazon's Halo app can estimate your body fat percentage by analyzing images from your phone's camera. 

Amazon

Still, Amazon's body-scanning tech has been somewhat controversial, criticized by reviewers from The New York Times and The Washington Post. (The New York Times' Brian Chen felt "body shamed and confused" after finding that Amazon's body fat results skewed higher than other devices such as a skin caliper or a Fitbit scale). Even Cha acknowledged that the results can be difficult to swallow. She says some Amazon employees on the Halo team were even surprised by their own readings.

But Amazon, along with other tech giants like Apple and Google, has big ambitions in the health space. Amazon launched a new tracker called the Halo View in late 2021 and is rolling out a nutrition service for the Halo app in 2022. The long-term goal for Amazon's body fat scanner is to make it possible for Halo members to have an accurate record of their body composition over time that they can share with their doctor, says Cha.

"We're just building on that now," she said. "So you'll be seeing new features and things come built on top of the body feature."

What's next for health tracking on the wrist

The boundary between medical and wellness devices is expected to further overlap as Amazon, Fitbit and Apple expand their health offerings in the years to come. That makes it all the more important to understand how readings from these devices should be interpreted today.

"Maybe vendors need to find new ways in which they can be clearer with consumers around the expectations that they might have when wearing some of these devices," Roberta Cozza, a senior director analyst at tech market research firm Gartner. "Because this will be getting just more and more complicated."  

One way the Apple Watch might evolve in the future is by adding blood-sugar monitoring, according to Bloomberg and The Wall Street Journal. Both reports suggest the technology is in its early stages, however.

Doing so could potentially help wearable devices make more personalized observations about how diet and exercise changes are impacting a user's body, says Dr. Steven LeBoeuf, president and co-founder of health sensor maker Valencell. He added that technology might not be too far off.

"Now that has all kinds of positive implications," said LeBoeuf. "And so I think that you will be seeing that technology in wearables as well."

However, the industry is still far away from developing a device accurate enough to dose insulin non-invasively without breaking the skin, says LeBoeuf. 

Fitbit, meanwhile, is interested in further examining the link between physical and mental states, and how the two might affect each other, Friedman and Becker said. 

Despite some of the concerns about clarity regarding new metrics, the health experts CNET spoke with are generally excited about the industry's progress. Even Bill, the Ohio engineer who experienced anxiety over inconclusive ECG results, quickly started wearing his Fitbit again after temporarily shelving it. He still enjoys tracking activity and sleep, although he said he wouldn't buy a model with ECG support next time he upgrades his device.

Tech companies and the medical industry aren't exactly sure what the next phase of health tracking on the wrist will look like just yet. But making sense of all those data points will surely be a big part of answering that question, and it won't be easy. 

"It's just challenging; it takes expertise to really understand that," says Mann. "Maybe someday the computer can be the expert. Right now, it can't." 


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